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The Declaration of Independence:
A Transcription
IN CONGRESS, July 4, 1776.
The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America,
When in the Course of human events,
it becomes necessary for
one people to dissolve
the political bands which have connected
them with another, and
to assume among the powers of the earth,
the separate and equal station
to which the Laws of Nature and
of Nature's God entitle them,
a decent respect to the opinions
of mankind requires
that they should declare the causes which
impel them to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident,
that all men are created equal,
that they are endowed by
their Creator with certain unalienable Rights,
that among these are Life,
Liberty and
the pursuit of Happiness.--
That to secure these rights,
Governments are instituted among Men,
deriving their just powers
from the consent of the governed, --
That whenever any Form of Government becomes
destructive of these ends,
it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it,
and to institute new Government,
laying its foundation on such principles
and organizing its powers in such form,
as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.
Prudence, indeed, will dictate
that Governments long established should not be
changed for light and transient causes;
and accordingly all experience hath shewn,
that mankind are more disposed to suffer,
while evils are sufferable,
than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed.
But when a long train of abuses and usurpations,
pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism,
it is their right,
it is their duty,
to throw off such Government,
and to provide new Guards for their future security.--
Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies;
and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government.
The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations,
all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States.
To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.
He has refused his Assent to Laws,
the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.
He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance,
unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained;
and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.
He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people,
unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature,
a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.
He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable,
and distant from the depository of their public Records,
for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.
He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly,
for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.
He has refused for a long time,
after such dissolutions,
to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers,
incapable of Annihilation,
have returned to the People at large for their exercise;
the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without,
and convulsions within.
He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States;
for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners;
refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither,
and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.
He has obstructed the Administration of Justice,
by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers.
He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone,
for the tenure of their offices,
and the amount and payment of their salaries.
He has erected a multitude of New Offices,
and sent hither swarms of Officers to harrass our people,
and eat out their substance.
He has kept among us,
in times of peace,
Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures.
He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power.
He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution,
and unacknowledged by our laws;
giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:
For Quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:
For protecting them,
by a mock Trial,
from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:
For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:
For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:
For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury:
For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences
For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province,
establishing therein an Arbitrary government,
and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument
for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies:
For taking away our Charters,
abolishing our most valuable Laws,
and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments:
For suspending our own Legislatures,
and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
He has abdicated Government here,
by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.
He has plundered our seas,
ravaged our Coasts,
burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.
He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death,
desolation and tyranny,
already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.
He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms
against their Country,
to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren,
or to fall themselves by their Hands.
He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us,
and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers,
the merciless Indian Savages,
whose known rule of warfare,
is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.
In every stage of these Oppressions
We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms:
Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury.
A Prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant,
is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.
Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our Brittish brethren.
We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an
unwarrantable jurisdiction over us.
We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here.
We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity,
and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations,
which, would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence.
They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity.
We must, therefore,
acquiesce in the necessity,
which denounces our Separation, and hold them,
as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.
We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America,
in General Congress,
Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for
the rectitude of our intentions, do,
in the Name,
and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies,
solemnly publish and declare,
That these United Colonies are,
and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States;
that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown,
and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain,
is and ought to be totally dissolved;
and that as Free and Independent States,
they have full Power to levy War,
conclude Peace,
contract Alliances,
establish Commerce,
and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do.
And for the support of this Declaration,
with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence,
we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.
The 56 signatures on the Declaration appear in the positions indicated:
Column 1
Georgia:
Button Gwinnett
Lyman Hall
George Walton
Column 2
North Carolina:
William Hooper
Joseph Hewes
John Penn
South Carolina:
Edward Rutledge
Thomas Heyward, Jr.
Thomas Lynch, Jr.
Arthur Middleton
Column 3
Massachusetts:
John Hancock
Maryland:
Samuel Chase
William Paca
Thomas Stone
Charles Carroll of Carrollton
Virginia:
George Wythe
Richard Henry Lee
Thomas Jefferson
Benjamin Harrison
Thomas Nelson, Jr.
Francis Lightfoot Lee
Carter Braxton
Column 4
Pennsylvania:
Robert Morris
Benjamin Rush
Benjamin Franklin
John Morton
George Clymer
James Smith
George Taylor
James Wilson
George Ross
Delaware:
Caesar Rodney
George Read
Thomas McKean
Column 5
New York:
William Floyd
Philip Livingston
Francis Lewis
Lewis Morris
New Jersey:
Richard Stockton
John Witherspoon
Francis Hopkinson
John Hart
Abraham Clark
Column 6
New Hampshire:
Josiah Bartlett
William Whipple
Massachusetts:
Samuel Adams
John Adams
Robert Treat Paine
Elbridge Gerry
Rhode Island:
Stephen Hopkins
William Ellery
Connecticut:
Roger Sherman
Samuel Huntington
William Williams
Oliver Wolcott
New Hampshire:
Matthew Thornton
Dear People:
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The Daily Reveille - http://www.lsureveille.com/
Student daily of Louisiana State University at Baton Rouge.
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Student newspaper of Southern University in Baton Rouge.
The Tech Talk - http://www.latech.edu/techtalk/index.php
Student newspaper of Louisiana Tech University in Ruston.
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Independent student weekly of Nicholls State University in Thibodaux. [Free registration required.]
Tulane Hullabaloo - http://www.thehullabaloo.com/

Student-run weekly of Tulane University in New Orleans.
The Gramblinite - http://www.thegramblinite.com/

Student newspaper for Grambling State University.
The Pow Wow - http://www.thepowwow.net/

Student weekly of the University of Louisiana at Monroe. [Free registration required.]
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Weekly student newspaper of the University of Louisiana at Lafayette.
The Maroon - http://maroon.loyno.edu/main.cfm
Student newspaper of Loyola University New Orleans. [Free registration required.]
The Current Sauce - http://www.currentsauce.com/
Student weekly of Northwestern State University in Natchitoches. [Free registration required.]
Tiger Weekly - http://www.tigerweekly.com/
Independent newspaper serving Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge.
The Daily Mississippian - http://www.thedmonline.com/
Student newspaper of the University of Mississippi in Oxford.
The Reflector - http://www.reflector-online.com/
Student newspaper of Mississippi State University in Starkville.
Student Printz - http://www.studentprintz.com/
Newspaper of the University of Southern Mississippi in Hattiesburg.
The Spectator - http://www.muw.edu/spectator/
Student weekly for Mississippi University for Women in Columbus.
The Chanticleer - http://www.thechanticleeronline.com/
Student weekly of Jacksonville State University. [Free registration required.]
The Crimson White - http://www.cw.ua.edu/
Student weekly of the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa.
The Auburn Plainsman - http://www.theplainsman.com/
Weekly newspaper of Auburn University.
The Hornet Tribune - http://www.thehornettribune.com/
Student weekly of Alabama State University in Montgomery.
The Vanguard - http://www.usavanguard.com/
Student newspaper of the University of South Alabama in Mobile.
The Samford Crimson - http://www.samfordcrimson.com/
Student weekly of Samford University in Birmingham.
The Exponent - http://www.uahexponent.com/
Student weekly of the University of Alabama in Huntsville. [Free registration required.]
The Flor-Ala - http://www.florala.net/
Student weekly of the University of North Alabama, Florence. [Free registration required.]
Kaleidoscope - http://www.uabkscope.com
Student weekly of the University of Alabama at Birmingham.
The Auburn Plainsman - http://www.theplainsman.com/rss.xml
Stories from the weekly newspaper of Auburn University.
The Tropolitan - http://trop.troy.edu/
Student weekly of Troy University.
The Chanticleer - http://www.thechanticleeronline.com/articles.rss
Stories from the student weekly of Jacksonville State University.
The Exponent - http://www.uahexponent.com/articles.rss
Stories from the student weekly of the University of Alabama in Huntsville.
The Flor-Ala - http://www.florala.net/articles.rss
Stories from the student weekly of the University of North Alabama, Florence.
The SpringHillian - http://ac-server3.shc.edu/hillian/
Student newspaper of Spring Hill College in Mobile.
The Vanguard - http://www.usavanguard.com/rss/feed.php
Stories from the student newspaper of the University of South Alabama in Mobile.
Kaleidoscope - http://www.uabkscope.com/headlines.xml
Stories from the student weekly of the University of Alabama at Birmingham.
The Crimson White - http://www.cw.ua.edu/rss/feed.php
Stories from the student weekly of the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa.

The Central Florida Future - http://www.centralfloridafuture.com/
Twice-weekly student newspaper of the University of Central Florida in Orlando. [Free registration required.]
FSView and Florida Flambeau - http://www.fsunews.com/
Twice-weekly student newspaper of Florida State University in Tallahassee.
The Independent Florida Alligator - http://www.alligator.org/
Weekly at the University of Florida at Gainesville.
The Oracle - http://www.usforacle.com/
Student daily of the University of South Florida in Tampa.
Miami Hurricane - http://www.thehurricaneonline.com/
Twice-weekly student newspaper of the University of Miami in Coral Gables. [Free registration required.]
The Avion - http://www.avionnewspaper.com/
Student newspaper of Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Daytona Beach.
The Voyager - http://www.thevoyager.net/
Student weekly of the University of West Florida in Pensacola.
The Famuan - http://www.thefamuanonline.com/
Thrice-weekly student newspaper of Florida A&M University in Tallahassee. [Free registration required.]
The Minaret - http://theminaretonline.com/
Student weekly of the University of Tampa.
The Campus Voice - http://www.the-campus-voice.com/index.html
Student biweekly of Florida Community College at Jacksonville.
The Crimson - http://www.fit.edu/crimson/
Student weekly of Florida Institute of Technology in Melbourne. Includes issues in PDF.
The Voyager - http://www.thevoyager.net/rss/feed.php
Stories and pictures from the student weekly of the University of West Florida in Pensacola.

The Daily Toreador - http://www.dailytoreador.com/
Student newspaper of Texas Tech University in Lubbock.
The Battalion - http://www.thebatt.com/
Student daily of Texas A&M University in College Station.
The UTD Mercury - http://www.utdmercury.com/
Student weekly of the University of Texas at Dallas.
The Ram Page - http://www.asurampage.com/
Student weekly of Angelo State University.
The Pine Log - http://www.thepinelog.com/
Twice-weekly student newspaper at Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches.
Daily Skiff - http://www.tcudailyskiff.com/
Student newspaper of Texas Christian University in Fort Worth.
The Daily Campus - http://www.smudailycampus.com/
Student newspaper of Southern Methodist University in Dallas.
Houstonian - http://www.houstonianonline.com/
Twice-weekly independent student newspaper of Sam Houston State University in Huntsville. [Free registration required.]
The Optimist - http://www.acuoptimist.com/
Twice-weekly student newspaper of Abilene Christian University.
The Prairie - http://www.theprairieonline.com/
Student weekly of West Texas A&M University in Canyon. The Paisano - http://www.paisano-online.com/
Independent student weekly of the University of Texas at San Antonio.
North Texas Daily - http://www.ntdaily.com/
Student newspaper of the University of North Texas in Denton.
The Cauldron - http://www.ustcauldron.org/
University of St. Thomas student run newspaper.
Brookhaven Courier - http://www.brookhavencourier.com/
Twice-monthly newspaper of Brookhaven College in Farmers Branch.
Richland Chronicle - http://www.richlandchronicle.com/
Student biweekly of Richland College in Dallas.
The Baylor Lariat - http://www.baylor.edu/Lariat/
Student daily of Baylor University in Waco.
The Collegian - http://www.tccd.edu/collegian/
Student weekly serving the Tarrant County College District
The Battalion - http://www.thebatt.com/articles.rss?
Feed for the Texas A&M student newspaper.
Daily Campus - http://www.smudailycampus.com/articles.rss
Articles from the online edition of SMU newspaper.
Daily Skiff - http://www.tcudailyskiff.com/articles.rss
New from the online edition of TCU student newspaper.
The Ram Page - http://www.asurampage.com/articles.rss
Articles from the current online edition of the Angelo State University newspaper.
Pine Log - http://www.thepinelog.com/articles.rss
Stories from the online edition of the Stephen F. Austin University paper.
The Daily Cougar - http://www.uh.edu/campus/cougar/
Student newspaper of the University of Houston.
The Wichitan - http://wichitan.mwsu.edu/
Student weekly of Midwestern State University in Wichita Falls.
Texas Intercollegiate Press Association - http://www.texasipa.org/
Directory, constitution and bylaws, contest rules, awards, history and job fair information.
The Daily Texan - http://www.dailytexanonline.com/
Student newspaper for the University of Texas at Austin.
Logos - http://www.uiw.edu/logos/
Student monthly of the University of the Incarnate Word in San Antonio.
The Flare - http://www.kilgore.edu/theflare.asp
Student weekly of Kilgore College.
The Shorthorn - http://www.theshorthorn.com/
Student daily of the University of Texas at Arlington.
North Texas Daily - http://www.ntdaily.com/articles.rss
Articles and news from the online edition of North Texas University paper.
Houstonian - http://www.houstonianonline.com/articles.rss
Stories from the current online edition of the Sam Houston State University paper.
The Daily Texan - http://www.dailytexanonline.com/articles.rss
Stories from the current online edition of the University of Texas newspaper.
The Pan American - http://www.utpa.edu/dept/panamerican/
Student weekly at the University of Texas-Pan American in Edinburg.
The Collegian - http://blue.utb.edu/collegian/
Student weekly of the University of Texas at Brownsville and Texas Southmost College.
The Del Mar College Foghorn - http://www.delmar.edu/foghorn/
Student weekly of Del Mar College in Corpus Christi. [Issues in PDF.]
The Cauldron - http://www.ustcauldron.org/articles.rss
Stories from the current online edition of Cauldron.
The UTD Mercury - http://www.utdmercury.com/articles.rss
Stories from the current online edition.
The Prairie - http://www.theprairieonline.com/articles.rss
Stories from the online edition of the West Texas A&M paper.
The Rice Thresher - http://www.ricethresher.org/
Student weekly of Rice University in Houston.
The Rice Thresher - http://feeds.feedburner.com/thericethresher/front/
News and articles from the Rice University publication.
Daily Toreador News - http://www.dailytoreador.com/articles.rss
Student newspaper of Texas Tech University in Lubbock
The Optimist - http://www.acuoptimist.com/articles.rss
Stories from the current online edition of the Abilene Christian University paper..
The Prospector - http://studentaffairs.utep.edu/prospector
Student weekly of the University of Texas at El Paso.
The J-TAC - http://www.tarleton.edu/~j-tac/
Student weekly of Tarleton State University in Stephenville.
The UHCLidian - http://prtl.uhcl.edu/portal/page?_pageid=224,130819,224_130875&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTALP
Student newspaper of the University of Houston-Clear Lake.

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